How can I fix 'android.os.NetworkOnMainThreadException'?

S

Shayan Shafiq

NOTE : AsyncTask was deprecated in API level 30.
AsyncTask | Android Developers

This exception is thrown when an application attempts to perform a networking operation on its main thread. Run your code in AsyncTask:

class RetrieveFeedTask extends AsyncTask<String, Void, RSSFeed> {

    private Exception exception;

    protected RSSFeed doInBackground(String... urls) {
        try {
            URL url = new URL(urls[0]);
            SAXParserFactory factory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
            SAXParser parser = factory.newSAXParser();
            XMLReader xmlreader = parser.getXMLReader();
            RssHandler theRSSHandler = new RssHandler();
            xmlreader.setContentHandler(theRSSHandler);
            InputSource is = new InputSource(url.openStream());
            xmlreader.parse(is);

            return theRSSHandler.getFeed();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            this.exception = e;

            return null;
        } finally {
            is.close();
        }
    }

    protected void onPostExecute(RSSFeed feed) {
        // TODO: check this.exception
        // TODO: do something with the feed
    }
}

How to execute the task:

In MainActivity.java file you can add this line within your oncreate() method

new RetrieveFeedTask().execute(urlToRssFeed);

Don't forget to add this to AndroidManifest.xml file:

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

So this running network operations on main thread is only problematic in android not in standard java code(code written in java but not for android application).??

This is a good solution and it saved my time!

Since AsyncTask is deprecated, what is the uptodate solution?

P

Peter Mortensen

You should almost always run network operations on a thread or as an asynchronous task.

But it is possible to remove this restriction and you override the default behavior, if you are willing to accept the consequences.

Add:

StrictMode.ThreadPolicy policy = new StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder().permitAll().build();

StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(policy);

In your class,

and

Add this permission in the Android manifest.xml file:

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

Consequences:

Your app will (in areas of spotty Internet connection) become unresponsive and lock up, the user perceives slowness and has to do a force kill, and you risk the activity manager killing your app and telling the user that the app has stopped.

Android has some good tips on good programming practices to design for responsiveness: NetworkOnMainThreadException | Android Developers

Wow thanks for that explanation I now understand. I saw an app and it had implemented that ThreadPolicy in its java classes I was abit confused what it was doing. When network was low I was seeing the Consequence which you're talking about.

V

V-rund Puro-hit

I solved this problem using a new Thread.

Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try  {
            //Your code goes here
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
});

thread.start();

How woulod you pass paramaters to this?

If you need to access the UI after the request, you need to return to the main thread at the end as explained here.

simple and it works, thank you very much :)

P

Peter Mortensen

The accepted answer has some significant downsides. It is not advisable to use AsyncTask for networking unless you really know what you are doing. Some of the down-sides include:

AsyncTask's created as non-static inner classes have an implicit reference to the enclosing Activity object, its context, and the entire View hierarchy created by that activity. This reference prevents the Activity from being garbage collected until the AsyncTask's background work completes. If the user's connection is slow, and/or the download is large, these short-term memory leaks can become a problem - for example, if the orientation changes several times (and you don't cancel the executing tasks), or the user navigates away from the Activity.

AsyncTask has different execution characteristics depending on the platform it executes on: prior to API level 4 AsyncTasks execute serially on a single background thread; from API level 4 through API level 10, AsyncTasks execute on a pool of up to 128 threads; from API level 11 onwards AsyncTask executes serially on a single background thread (unless you use the overloaded executeOnExecutor method and supply an alternative executor). Code that works fine when running serially on ICS may break when executed concurrently on Gingerbread, say if you have inadvertent order-of-execution dependencies.

If you want to avoid short-term memory leaks, have well-defined execution characteristics across all platforms, and have a base to build really robust network handling, you might want to consider:

Using a library that does a nice job of this for you - there's a nice comparison of networking libs in this question, or Using a Service or IntentService instead, perhaps with a PendingIntent to return the result via the Activity's onActivityResult method.

IntentService approach

Downsides:

More code and complexity than AsyncTask, though not as much as you might think

Will queue requests and run them on a single background thread. You can easily control this by replacing IntentService with an equivalent Service implementation, perhaps like this one.

Um, I can't think of any others right now actually

Upsides:

Avoids the short-term memory leak problem

If your activity restarts while network operations are in-flight it can still receive the result of the download via its onActivityResult method

A better platform than AsyncTask to build and reuse robust networking code. Example: if you need to do an important upload, you could do it from AsyncTask in an Activity, but if the user context-switches out of the app to take a phone call, the system may kill the app before the upload completes. It is less likely to kill an application with an active Service.

If you use your own concurrent version of IntentService (like the one I linked above) you can control the level of concurrency via the Executor.

Implementation summary

You can implement an IntentService to perform downloads on a single background thread quite easily.

Step 1: Create an IntentService to perform the download. You can tell it what to download via Intent extras, and pass it a PendingIntent to use to return the result to the Activity:

import android.app.IntentService;
import android.app.PendingIntent;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.util.Log;

import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;

public class DownloadIntentService extends IntentService {

    private static final String TAG = DownloadIntentService.class.getSimpleName();

    public static final String PENDING_RESULT_EXTRA = "pending_result";
    public static final String URL_EXTRA = "url";
    public static final String RSS_RESULT_EXTRA = "url";

    public static final int RESULT_CODE = 0;
    public static final int INVALID_URL_CODE = 1;
    public static final int ERROR_CODE = 2;

    private IllustrativeRSSParser parser;

    public DownloadIntentService() {
        super(TAG);

        // make one and reuse, in the case where more than one intent is queued
        parser = new IllustrativeRSSParser();
    }

    @Override
    protected void onHandleIntent(Intent intent) {
        PendingIntent reply = intent.getParcelableExtra(PENDING_RESULT_EXTRA);
        InputStream in = null;
        try {
            try {
                URL url = new URL(intent.getStringExtra(URL_EXTRA));
                IllustrativeRSS rss = parser.parse(in = url.openStream());

                Intent result = new Intent();
                result.putExtra(RSS_RESULT_EXTRA, rss);

                reply.send(this, RESULT_CODE, result);
            } catch (MalformedURLException exc) {
                reply.send(INVALID_URL_CODE);
            } catch (Exception exc) {
                // could do better by treating the different sax/xml exceptions individually
                reply.send(ERROR_CODE);
            }
        } catch (PendingIntent.CanceledException exc) {
            Log.i(TAG, "reply cancelled", exc);
        }
    }
}

Step 2: Register the service in the manifest:

<service
        android:name=".DownloadIntentService"
        android:exported="false"/>

Step 3: Invoke the service from the Activity, passing a PendingResult object which the Service will use to return the result:

PendingIntent pendingResult = createPendingResult(
    RSS_DOWNLOAD_REQUEST_CODE, new Intent(), 0);
Intent intent = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), DownloadIntentService.class);
intent.putExtra(DownloadIntentService.URL_EXTRA, URL);
intent.putExtra(DownloadIntentService.PENDING_RESULT_EXTRA, pendingResult);
startService(intent);

Step 4: Handle the result in onActivityResult:

@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
    if (requestCode == RSS_DOWNLOAD_REQUEST_CODE) {
        switch (resultCode) {
            case DownloadIntentService.INVALID_URL_CODE:
                handleInvalidURL();
                break;
            case DownloadIntentService.ERROR_CODE:
                handleError(data);
                break;
            case DownloadIntentService.RESULT_CODE:
                handleRSS(data);
                break;
        }
        handleRSS(data);
    }
    super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
}

A GitHub project containing a complete working Android Studio/Gradle project is available here.

P

Peter Mortensen

You cannot perform network I/O on the UI thread on Honeycomb. Technically, it is possible on earlier versions of Android, but it is a really bad idea as it will cause your app to stop responding, and can result in the OS killing your app for being badly behaved. You'll need to run a background process or use AsyncTask to perform your network transaction on a background thread.

There is an article about Painless Threading on the Android developer site which is a good introduction to this, and it will provide you with a much better depth of an answer than can be realistically provided here.

P

Peter Mortensen

There are two solutions of this problem.

Don't use a network call in the main UI thread. Use an async task for that. Write the below code into your MainActivity file after setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);: if (android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > 9) { StrictMode.ThreadPolicy policy = new StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder().permitAll().build(); StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(policy); }

And the below import statement into your Java file.

import android.os.StrictMode;

Following your second solution is a bad practice. Async is the way to do it correctly. You are like hiding your problem if you change the policy!

P

Peter Mortensen

Do the network actions on another thread.

For example:

new Thread(new Runnable(){
    @Override
    public void run() {
        // Do network action in this function
    }
}).start();

And add this to file AndroidManifest.xml:

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

C

Community

Do not use strictMode (only in debug mode) Do not change SDK version Do not use a separate thread

Use Service or AsyncTask

See also Stack Overflow question:

android.os.NetworkOnMainThreadException sending an email from Android

Perhaps worth stressing the point that if you use a Service you will still need to create a separate thread - Service callbacks run on the main thread. An IntentService, on the other hand, runs its onHandleIntent method on a background thread.

you should not use an AsyncTask for long running operations! Guidelines specify 2 to 3 seconds max.

P

Piyush-Ask Any Difference

You disable the strict mode using following code:

if (android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > 9) {
    StrictMode.ThreadPolicy policy = 
        new StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder().permitAll().build();
    StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(policy);
}

This is not recommended: use the AsyncTask interface.

Full code for both the methods

Yes ANR error would be come. means App not responding with in 5 sec.

This is a really bad answer. You should not change the thread's policy but to write better code: do not make network operations on main thread!

P

Peter Mortensen

Network-based operations cannot be run on the main thread. You need to run all network-based tasks on a child thread or implement AsyncTask.

This is how you run a task in a child thread:

new Thread(new Runnable(){
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            // Your implementation goes here
        } 
        catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}).start();

Anonymous Runnable is NOT the best way, since it has an implicit reference to the enclosing class and preventing it from being GC ed until the thread completes! Also this thread will run at the Same Priority as the main/US thread, contending with lifecycle methods and UI frame rates!

P

Peter Mortensen

Put your code inside:

new Thread(new Runnable(){
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            // Your implementation
        }
        catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}).start();

Or:

class DemoTask extends AsyncTask<Void, Void, Void> {

    protected Void doInBackground(Void... arg0) {
        //Your implementation
    }

    protected void onPostExecute(Void result) {
        // TODO: do something with the feed
    }
}

P

Peter Mortensen

This happens in Android 3.0 and above. From Android 3.0 and above, they have restricted using network operations (functions that access the Internet) from running in the main thread/UI thread (what spawns from your on create and on resume methods in the activity).

This is to encourage using separate threads for network operations. See AsyncTask for more details on how to perform network activities the right way.

O

Oleksiy

Using Android Annotations is an option. It will allow you to simply run any method in a background thread:

// normal method
private void normal() {
    doSomething(); // do something in background
}

@Background
protected void doSomething() 
    // run your networking code here
}

Note, that although it provides benefits of simplicity and readability, it has its disadvantages.

@Gavriel it creates duplicates of everything you annotate, whether it's a method, activity, fragment, singleton etc, so there is twice as much code and it takes longer to compile it. It may also have some issues due to bugs in the library. Debugging and finding errors would become more difficult.

A

Ashwin S Ashok

The error is due to executing long running operations in main thread,You can easily rectify the problem by using AsynTask or Thread. You can checkout this library AsyncHTTPClient for better handling.

AsyncHttpClient client = new AsyncHttpClient();
client.get("http://www.google.com", new AsyncHttpResponseHandler() {

    @Override
    public void onStart() {
        // Called before a request is started
    }

    @Override
    public void onSuccess(int statusCode, Header[] headers, byte[] response) {
        // Called when response HTTP status is "200 OK"
    }

    @Override
    public void onFailure(int statusCode, Header[] headers, byte[] errorResponse, Throwable e) {
        // Called when response HTTP status is "4XX" (for example, 401, 403, 404)
    }

    @Override
    public void onRetry(int retryNo) {
        // Called when request is retried
    }
});

P

Peter Mortensen

You should not do any time-consuming task on the main thread (UI thread), like any network operation, file I/O, or SQLite database operations. So for this kind of operation, you should create a worker thread, but the problem is that you can not directly perform any UI related operation from your worker thread. For that, you have to use Handler and pass the Message.

To simplify all these things, Android provides various ways, like AsyncTask, AsyncTaskLoader, CursorLoader or IntentService. So you can use any of these according to your requirements.

C

Community

The top answer of spektom works perfect.

If you are writing the AsyncTask inline and not extending as a class, and on top of this, if there is a need to get a response out of the AsyncTask, one can use the get() method as below.

RSSFeed feed = new RetreiveFeedTask().execute(urlToRssFeed).get();

(From his example.)

P

Peter Mortensen

This is only thrown for applications targeting the Honeycomb SDK or higher. Applications targeting earlier SDK versions are allowed to do networking on their main event loop threads.

The error is the SDK warning!

P

Peter Mortensen

For me it was this:

<uses-sdk
        android:minSdkVersion="8"
        android:targetSdkVersion="10" />

The device I was testing my app on was 4.1.2 which is SDK Version 16!

Make the sure the target version is the same as your Android Target Library. If you are unsure what your target library is, right click your Project -> Build Path -> Android, and it should be the one that is ticked.

Also, as others have mentioned, include the correct permissions to access the Internet:

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

Let me explain you what you are doing here: NetworkOnMainThreadException is the Guardian which is telling you: do not shoot at your own foot ... your solution is: let's go back to the past when there was no Guardian - now i can shoot at my foot freely

I took this approach, too, and didn't have any problems. Guardian is too fussy sometimes.

C

Catalina T.

Use this in Your Activity

    btnsub.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
        @Override
        public void onClick(View v) {
            new Thread(new Runnable() {

                @Override
                public void run() {
                    // TODO Auto-generated method stub

                    //Initialize soap request + add parameters
                    SoapObject request = new SoapObject(NAMESPACE, METHOD_NAME1);

                    //Use this to add parameters
                    request.addProperty("pincode", txtpincode.getText().toString());
                    request.addProperty("bg", bloodgroup.getSelectedItem().toString());

                    //Declare the version of the SOAP request
                    SoapSerializationEnvelope envelope = new SoapSerializationEnvelope(SoapEnvelope.VER11);

                    envelope.setOutputSoapObject(request);
                    envelope.dotNet = true;

                    try {
                        HttpTransportSE androidHttpTransport = new HttpTransportSE(URL);

                        //this is the actual part that will call the webservice
                        androidHttpTransport.call(SOAP_ACTION1, envelope);

                        // Get the SoapResult from the envelope body.
                        SoapObject result = (SoapObject) envelope.getResponse();
                        Log.e("result data", "data" + result);
                        SoapObject root = (SoapObject) result.getProperty(0);
                        // SoapObject s_deals = (SoapObject) root.getProperty(0);
                        // SoapObject s_deals_1 = (SoapObject) s_deals.getProperty(0);
                        //

                        System.out.println("********Count : " + root.getPropertyCount());

                        value = new ArrayList<Detailinfo>();

                        for (int i = 0; i < root.getPropertyCount(); i++) {
                            SoapObject s_deals = (SoapObject) root.getProperty(i);
                            Detailinfo info = new Detailinfo();

                            info.setFirstName(s_deals.getProperty("Firstname").toString());
                            info.setLastName(s_deals.getProperty("Lastname").toString());
                            info.setDOB(s_deals.getProperty("DOB").toString());
                            info.setGender(s_deals.getProperty("Gender").toString());
                            info.setAddress(s_deals.getProperty("Address").toString());
                            info.setCity(s_deals.getProperty("City").toString());
                            info.setState(s_deals.getProperty("State").toString());
                            info.setPinecode(s_deals.getProperty("Pinecode").toString());
                            info.setMobile(s_deals.getProperty("Mobile").toString());
                            info.setEmail(s_deals.getProperty("Email").toString());
                            info.setBloodgroup(s_deals.getProperty("Bloodgroup").toString());
                            info.setAdddate(s_deals.getProperty("Adddate").toString());
                            info.setWaight(s_deals.getProperty("waight").toString());
                            value.add(info);
                        }

                    } catch (Exception e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    Intent intent = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), ComposeMail.class);
                    //intent.putParcelableArrayListExtra("valuesList", value);

                    startActivity(intent);
                }
            }).start();
        }
    });

N

Novak

Just to spell out something explicitly:

The main thread is basically the UI thread.

So saying that you cannot do networking operations in the main thread means you cannot do networking operations in the UI thread, which means you cannot do networking operations in a *runOnUiThread(new Runnable() { ... }* block inside some other thread, either.

(I just had a long head-scratching moment trying to figure out why I was getting that error somewhere other than my main thread. This was why; this thread helped; and hopefully this comment will help someone else.)

P

Peter Mortensen

This exception occurs due to any heavy task performed on the main thread if that performing task takes too much time.

To avoid this, we can handle it using threads or executers

Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor().submit(new Runnable() {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        // You can perform your task here.
    }
});

P

Peter Mortensen

There are many great answers already on this question, but a lot of great libraries have come out since those answers were posted. This is intended as a kind of newbie-guide.

I will cover several use cases for performing network operations and a solution or two for each.

REST over HTTP

Typically JSON, but it can be XML or something else.

Full API Access

Let's say you are writing an app that lets users track stock prices, interest rates and currency exchange rates. You find an JSON API that looks something like this:

http://api.example.com/stocks                       // ResponseWrapper<String> object containing a
                                                    // list of strings with ticker symbols
http://api.example.com/stocks/$symbol               // Stock object
http://api.example.com/stocks/$symbol/prices        // PriceHistory<Stock> object
http://api.example.com/currencies                   // ResponseWrapper<String> object containing a
                                                    // list of currency abbreviation
http://api.example.com/currencies/$currency         // Currency object
http://api.example.com/currencies/$id1/values/$id2  // PriceHistory<Currency> object comparing the prices
                                                    // of the first currency (id1) to the second (id2)

Retrofit from Square

This is an excellent choice for an API with multiple endpoints and allows you to declare the REST endpoints instead of having to code them individually as with other libraries like Amazon Ion Java or Volley (website: Retrofit).

How do you use it with the finances API?

File build.gradle

Add these lines to your module level build.gradle file:

implementation 'com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.3.0' // Retrofit library, current as of September 21, 2017
implementation 'com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:2.3.0' // Gson serialization and deserialization support for retrofit, version must match retrofit version

File FinancesApi.java

public interface FinancesApi {
    @GET("stocks")
    Call<ResponseWrapper<String>> listStocks();
    @GET("stocks/{symbol}")
    Call<Stock> getStock(@Path("symbol")String tickerSymbol);
    @GET("stocks/{symbol}/prices")
    Call<PriceHistory<Stock>> getPriceHistory(@Path("symbol")String tickerSymbol);

    @GET("currencies")
    Call<ResponseWrapper<String>> listCurrencies();
    @GET("currencies/{symbol}")
    Call<Currency> getCurrency(@Path("symbol")String currencySymbol);
    @GET("currencies/{symbol}/values/{compare_symbol}")
    Call<PriceHistory<Currency>> getComparativeHistory(@Path("symbol")String currency, @Path("compare_symbol")String currencyToPriceAgainst);
}

Class FinancesApiBuilder

public class FinancesApiBuilder {
    public static FinancesApi build(String baseUrl){
        return new Retrofit.Builder()
                    .baseUrl(baseUrl)
                    .addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create())
                    .build()
                    .create(FinancesApi.class);
    }
}

Class FinancesFragment snippet

FinancesApi api = FinancesApiBuilder.build("http://api.example.com/"); //trailing '/' required for predictable behavior
api.getStock("INTC").enqueue(new Callback<Stock>(){
    @Override
    public void onResponse(Call<Stock> stockCall, Response<Stock> stockResponse){
        Stock stock = stockCall.body();
        // Do something with the stock
    }
    @Override
    public void onResponse(Call<Stock> stockCall, Throwable t){
        // Something bad happened
    }
}

If your API requires an API key or other header, like a user token, etc. to be sent, Retrofit makes this easy (see this awesome answer to Add Header Parameter in Retrofit for details).

One-off REST API access

Let's say you're building a "mood weather" app that looks up the user's GPS location and checks the current temperature in that area and tells them the mood. This type of app doesn't need to declare API endpoints; it just needs to be able to access one API endpoint.

Ion

This is a great library for this type of access.

Please read msysmilu's great answer to How can I fix 'android.os.NetworkOnMainThreadException'?.

Load images via HTTP

Volley

Volley can also be used for REST APIs, but due to the more complicated setup required, I prefer to use Retrofit from Square as above.

Let's say you are building a social networking app and want to load profile pictures of friends.

File build.gradle

Add this line to your module level build.gradle file:

implementation 'com.android.volley:volley:1.0.0'

File ImageFetch.java

Volley requires more setup than Retrofit. You will need to create a class like this to setup a RequestQueue, an ImageLoader and an ImageCache, but it's not too bad:

public class ImageFetch {
    private static ImageLoader imageLoader = null;
    private static RequestQueue imageQueue = null;

    public static ImageLoader getImageLoader(Context ctx){
        if(imageLoader == null){
            if(imageQueue == null){
                imageQueue = Volley.newRequestQueue(ctx.getApplicationContext());
            }
            imageLoader = new ImageLoader(imageQueue, new ImageLoader.ImageCache() {
                Map<String, Bitmap> cache = new HashMap<String, Bitmap>();
                @Override
                public Bitmap getBitmap(String url) {
                    return cache.get(url);
                }
                @Override
                public void putBitmap(String url, Bitmap bitmap) {
                    cache.put(url, bitmap);
                }
            });
        }
        return imageLoader;
    }
}

File user_view_dialog.xml

Add the following to your layout XML file to add an image:

<com.android.volley.toolbox.NetworkImageView
    android:id="@+id/profile_picture"
    android:layout_width="32dp"
    android:layout_height="32dp"
    android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
    android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
    app:srcCompat="@android:drawable/spinner_background"/>

File UserViewDialog.java

Add the following code to the onCreate method (Fragment, Activity) or the constructor (Dialog):

NetworkImageView profilePicture = view.findViewById(R.id.profile_picture);
profilePicture.setImageUrl("http://example.com/users/images/profile.jpg", ImageFetch.getImageLoader(getContext());

Picasso

Picasso is another excellent library from Square. Please see the website for some great examples.

P

Peter Mortensen

In simple words,

Do not do network work in the UI thread

For example, if you do an HTTP request, that is a network action.

Solution:

You have to create a new Thread Or use the AsyncTask class

Way:

Put all your works inside

The run() method of the new thread Or the doInBackground() method of the AsyncTask class.

But:

When you get something from a network response and want to show it on your view (like display response message in TextView), you need to return back to the UI thread.

If you don't do it, you will get ViewRootImpl$CalledFromWrongThreadException.

How-to

While using AsyncTask, update the view from the onPostExecute() method Or call the runOnUiThread() method and update the view inside the run() method.

P

Peter Mortensen

You are able to move a part of your code into another thread to offload the main thread and avoid getting ANR, NetworkOnMainThreadException, IllegalStateException (e.g., cannot access database on the main thread since it may potentially lock the UI for a long period of time).

There are some approaches that you should choose depends on the situation

Java Thread or Android HandlerThread:

Java threads are one-time use only and die after executing its run method. HandlerThread is a handy class for starting a new thread that has a looper.

AsyncTask (deprecated in API level 30)

AsyncTask is designed to be a helper class around Thread and Handler and does not constitute a generic threading framework. AsyncTasks should ideally be used for short operations (a few seconds at the most.) If you need to keep threads running for long periods of time, it is highly recommended you use the various APIs provided by the java.util.concurrent package such as Executor, ThreadPoolExecutor and FutureTask.

Since the main thread monopolizes UI components, it is not possible to access to some View, and that is why Handler comes to the rescue

[Executor framework]

ThreadPoolExecutor class that implements ExecutorService which gives fine control on the thread pool (E.g., core pool size, max pool size, keep alive time, etc.) ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor - a class that extends ThreadPoolExecutor. It can schedule tasks after a given delay or periodically.

FutureTask

FutureTask performs asynchronous processing, however, if the result is not ready yet or processing has not complete, calling get() will be block the thread

AsyncTaskLoaders

AsyncTaskLoaders as they solve a lot of problems that are inherent to AsyncTask

IntentService

This is the de facto choice for long running processing on Android, a good example would be to upload or download large files. The upload and download may continue even if the user exits the app and you certainly do not want to block the user from being able to use the app while these tasks are going on.

JobScheduler

Effectively, you have to create a Service and create a job using JobInfo.Builder that specifies your criteria for when to run the service.

RxJava

Library for composing asynchronous and event-based programs by using observable sequences.

Coroutines (Kotlin)

The main gist of it is, it makes asynchronous code looks so much like synchronous

How can I fix 'android.os.NetworkOnMainThreadException'?

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