How is Node.js inherently faster when it still relies on Threads internally?

There are actually a few different things being conflated here. But it starts with the meme that threads are just really hard. So if they're hard, you are more likely, when using threads to 1) break due to bugs and 2) not use them as efficiently as possible. (2) is the one you're asking about.

Think about one of the examples he gives, where a request comes in and you run some query, and then do something with the results of that. If you write it in a standard procedural way, the code might look like this:

result = query( "select smurfs from some_mushroom" );
// twiddle fingers
go_do_something_with_result( result );

If the request coming in caused you to create a new thread that ran the above code, you'll have a thread sitting there, doing nothing at all while while query() is running. (Apache, according to Ryan, is using a single thread to satisfy the original request whereas nginx is outperforming it in the cases he's talking about because it's not.)

Now, if you were really clever, you would express the code above in a way where the environment could go off and do something else while you're running the query:

query( statement: "select smurfs from some_mushroom", callback: go_do_something_with_result() );

This is basically what node.js is doing. You're basically decorating -- in a way that is convenient because of the language and environment, hence the points about closures -- your code in such a way that the environment can be clever about what runs, and when. In that way, node.js isn't new in the sense that it invented asynchronous I/O (not that anyone claimed anything like this), but it's new in that the way it's expressed is a little different.

Note: when I say that the environment can be clever about what runs and when, specifically what I mean is that the thread it used to start some I/O can now be used to handle some other request, or some computation that can be done in parallel, or start some other parallel I/O. (I'm not certain node is sophisticated enough to start more work for the same request, but you get the idea.)

Note! This is an old answer. While it's still true in the rough outline, some details might have changed because of Node's rapid development in the last few years.

It is using threads because:

The O_NONBLOCK option of open() does not work on files. There are third-party libraries which don't offer non-blocking IO.

To fake non-blocking IO, threads are neccessary: do blocking IO in a separate thread. It is an ugly solution and causes much overhead.

It's even worse on the hardware level:

With DMA the CPU asynchronously offloads IO.

Data is transferred directly between the IO device and the memory.

The kernel wraps this in a synchronous, blocking system call.

Node.js wraps the blocking system call in a thread.

This is just plain stupid and inefficient. But it works at least! We can enjoy Node.js because it hides the ugly and cumbersome details behind an event-driven asynchronous architecture.

Maybe someone will implement O_NONBLOCK for files in the future?...

Edit: I discussed this with a friend and he told me that an alternative to threads is polling with select: specify a timeout of 0 and do IO on the returned file descriptors (now that they are guaranteed not to block).

I fear I'm "doing the wrong thing" here, if so delete me and I apologize. In particular, I fail to see how I create the neat little annotations that some folks have created. However, I have many concerns/observations to make on this thread.

1) The commented element in the pseudo-code in one of the popular answers

result = query( "select smurfs from some_mushroom" );
// twiddle fingers
go_do_something_with_result( result );

is essentially bogus. If the thread is computing, then it's not twiddling thumbs, it's doing necessary work. If, on the other hand, it's simply waiting for the completion of IO, then it's not using CPU time, the whole point of the thread control infrastructure in the kernel is that the CPU will find something useful to do. The only way to "twiddle your thumbs" as suggested here would be to create a polling loop, and nobody who has coded a real webserver is inept enough to do that.

2) "Threads are hard", only makes sense in the context of data sharing. If you have essentially independent threads such as is the case when handling independent web requests, then threading is trivially simple, you just code up the linear flow of how to handle one job, and sit pretty knowing that it will handle multiple requests, and each will be effectively independent. Personally, I would venture that for most programmers, learning the closure/callback mechanism is more complex than simply coding the top-to-bottom thread version. (But yes, if you have to communicate between the threads, life gets really hard really fast, but then I'm unconvinced that the closure/callback mechanism really changes that, it just restricts your options, because this approach is still achievable with threads. Anyway, that's a whole other discussion that's really not relevant here).

3) So far, nobody has presented any real evidence as to why one particular type of context switch would be more or less time consuming than any other type. My experience in creating multi-tasking kernels (on a small scale for embedded controllers, nothing so fancy as a "real" OS) suggests that this would not be the case.

4) All the illustrations that I have seen to date that purport to show how much faster Node is than other webservers are horribly flawed, however, they're flawed in a way that does indirectly illustrate one advantage I would definitely accept for Node (and it's by no means insignificant). Node doesn't look like it needs (nor even permits, actually) tuning. If you have a threaded model, you need to create sufficient threads to handle the expected load. Do this badly, and you'll end up with poor performance. If there are too few threads, then the CPU is idle, but unable to accept more requests, create too many threads, and you will waste kernel memory, and in the case of a Java environment, you'll also be wasting main heap memory. Now, for Java, wasting heap is the first, best, way to screw up the system's performance, because efficient garbage collection (currently, this might change with G1, but it seems that the jury is still out on that point as of early 2013 at least) depends on having lots of spare heap. So, there's the issue, tune it with too few threads, you have idle CPUs and poor throughput, tune it with too many, and it bogs down in other ways.

5) There is another way in which I accept the logic of the claim that Node's approach "is faster by design", and that is this. Most thread models use a time-sliced context switch model, layered on top of the more appropriate (value judgement alert :) and more efficient (not a value judgement) preemptive model. This happens for two reasons, first, most programmers don't seem to understand priority preemption, and second, if you learn threading in a windows environment, the timeslicing is there whether you like it or not (of course, this reinforces the first point; notably, the first versions of Java used priority preemption on Solaris implementations, and timeslicing in Windows. Because most programmers didn't understand and complained that "threading doesn't work in Solaris" they changed the model to timeslice everywhere). Anyway, the bottom line is that timeslicing creates additional (and potentially unnecessary) context switches. Every context switch takes CPU time, and that time is effectively removed from the work that can be done on the real job at hand. However, the amount of time invested in context switching because of timeslicing should not be more than a very small percentage of the overall time, unless something pretty outlandish is happening, and there's no reason I can see to expect that to be the case in a simple webserver). So, yes, the excess context switches involved in timeslicing are inefficient (and these don't happen in kernel threads as a rule, btw) but the difference will be a few percent of throughput, not the kind of whole number factors that are implied in the performance claims that are often implied for Node.

Anyway, apologies for that all being long and rambly, but I really feel that so far, the discussion hasn't proved anything, and I would be pleased to hear from someone in either of these situations:

a) a real explanation of why Node should be better (beyond the two scenarios I've outlined above, the first of which (poor tuning) I believe is the real explanation for all the tests I've seen so far. ([edit], actually, the more I think about it, the more I'm wondering if the memory used by vast numbers of stacks might be significant here. The default stack sizes for modern threads tend to be pretty huge, but the memory allocated by a closure-based event system would be only what's needed)

b) a real benchmark that actually gives a fair chance to the threaded server of choice. At least that way, I'd have to stop believing that the claims are essentially false ;> ([edit] that's probably rather stronger than I intended, but I do feel that the explanations given for performance benefits are incomplete at best, and the benchmarks shown are unreasonable).

Cheers, Toby

What I don't understand is the point that Node.js still is using threads.

Ryan uses threads for that parts that are blocking(Most of node.js uses non-blocking IO) because some parts are insane hard to write non blocking. But I believe Ryan wish is to have everything non-blocking. On slide 63(internal design) you see Ryan uses libev(library that abstracts asynchronous event notification) for the non-blocking eventloop. Because of the event-loop node.js needs lesser threads which reduces context switching, memory consumption etc.

Threads are used only to deal with functions having no asynchronous facility, like stat().

The stat() function is always blocking, so node.js needs to use a thread to perform the actual call without blocking the main thread (event loop). Potentially, no thread from the thread pool will ever be used if you don't need to call those kind of functions.

I know nothing about the internal workings of node.js, but I can see how using an event loop can outperform threaded I/O handling. Imagine a disc request, give me staticFile.x, make it 100 requests for that file. Each request normally takes up a thread retreiving that file, thats 100 threads.

Now imagine the first request creating one thread that becomes a publisher object, all 99 other requests first look if there's a publisher object for staticFile.x, if so, listen to it while it's doing it's work, otherwise start a new thread and thus a new publisher object.

Once the single thread is done, it passes staticFile.x to all 100 listeners and destroys itself, so the next request creates a fresh new thread and publisher object.

So it's 100 threads vs 1 thread in the above example, but also 1 disc lookup instead of 100 disc lookups, the gain can be quite phenominal. Ryan is a smart guy!

Another way to look at is is one of his examples at the start of the movie. Instead of:

pseudo code:
result = query('select * from ...');

Again, 100 seperate queries to a database versus...:

pseudo code:
query('select * from ...', function(result){
    // do stuff with result
});

If a query was already going, other equal queries would simply jump on the bandwagon, so you can have 100 queries in a single database roundtrip.

Node.JS is not faster (doesnot means its slower either), but highly efficient in handling a single thread, as compared to a blocking multi-threaded system handling its single thread!

I have made diagrams to explain this statement with analogies.

https://i.stack.imgur.com/yLA5K.png

Now offcourse one can build a non blockig system on top of a blocking multi-threaded system (thats what Node.js is under the hood), but its very complex. And you have to do it ever where you need non blocking code.

Javascript ecosystem (like nodejs) provide this out of the box as its syntax. The JS language sytanx provide all this feature where ever needed. Morever as its part of its syntax, the reader of the code immeditetly knows that where code is blocking and where its non-blocking.

The blocking part of multithreaded-blocking system makes it less efficient. The thread which is blocked cannot be used for anything else, while its waiting for response.

While a non-blocking single threaded system makes best use of its single thread system.