如何使用 PHP5 类创建单例类?
/**
* Singleton class
*
*/
final class UserFactory
{
private static $inst = null;
// Prevent cloning and de-serializing
private function __clone(){}
private function __wakeup(){}
/**
* Call this method to get singleton
*
* @return UserFactory
*/
public static function Instance()
{
if ($inst === null) {
$inst = new UserFactory();
}
return $inst;
}
/**
* Private ctor so nobody else can instantiate it
*
*/
private function __construct()
{
}
}
要使用:
$fact = UserFactory::Instance();
$fact2 = UserFactory::Instance();
$fact == $fact2;
但:
$fact = new UserFactory()
引发错误。
请参阅 http://php.net/manual/en/language.variables.scope.php#language.variables.scope.static 以了解静态变量范围以及设置 static $inst = null;
的工作原理。
不幸的是,当有多个子类时,Inwdr's answer 会中断。
这是一个正确的可继承 Singleton 基类。
class Singleton
{
private static $instances = array();
protected function __construct() {}
protected function __clone() {}
public function __wakeup()
{
throw new Exception("Cannot unserialize singleton");
}
public static function getInstance()
{
$cls = get_called_class(); // late-static-bound class name
if (!isset(self::$instances[$cls])) {
self::$instances[$cls] = new static;
}
return self::$instances[$cls];
}
}
测试代码:
class Foo extends Singleton {}
class Bar extends Singleton {}
echo get_class(Foo::getInstance()) . "\n";
echo get_class(Bar::getInstance()) . "\n";
PHP 5.3 允许通过后期静态绑定创建可继承的 Singleton 类:
class Singleton
{
protected static $instance = null;
protected function __construct()
{
//Thou shalt not construct that which is unconstructable!
}
protected function __clone()
{
//Me not like clones! Me smash clones!
}
public static function getInstance()
{
if (!isset(static::$instance)) {
static::$instance = new static;
}
return static::$instance;
}
}
这解决了问题,在 PHP 5.3 之前,任何扩展 Singleton 的类都会生成其父类的实例而不是它自己的实例。
现在你可以这样做:
class Foobar extends Singleton {};
$foo = Foobar::getInstance();
$foo 将是 Foobar 的一个实例,而不是 Singleton 的一个实例。
"subclass should own its own static var. check this: echo get_class(Foobar::getInstance());echo get_class(Singleton::getInstance());"
。
$instance
位于 Singleton 中,而不是子类中。在实例化某个子类后,getInstance() 将为所有子类返回该实例。
制作单例模式的真正现代方法是:
<?php
/**
* Singleton Pattern.
*
* Modern implementation.
*/
class Singleton
{
/**
* Call this method to get singleton
*/
public static function instance()
{
static $instance = false;
if( $instance === false )
{
// Late static binding (PHP 5.3+)
$instance = new static();
}
return $instance;
}
/**
* Make constructor private, so nobody can call "new Class".
*/
private function __construct() {}
/**
* Make clone magic method private, so nobody can clone instance.
*/
private function __clone() {}
/**
* Make sleep magic method private, so nobody can serialize instance.
*/
private function __sleep() {}
/**
* Make wakeup magic method private, so nobody can unserialize instance.
*/
private function __wakeup() {}
}
所以现在你可以像这样使用它了。
<?php
/**
* Database.
*
* Inherited from Singleton, so it's now got singleton behavior.
*/
class Database extends Singleton {
protected $label;
/**
* Example of that singleton is working correctly.
*/
public function setLabel($label)
{
$this->label = $label;
}
public function getLabel()
{
return $this->label;
}
}
// create first instance
$database = Database::instance();
$database->setLabel('Abraham');
echo $database->getLabel() . PHP_EOL;
// now try to create other instance as well
$other_db = Database::instance();
echo $other_db->getLabel() . PHP_EOL; // Abraham
$other_db->setLabel('Priler');
echo $database->getLabel() . PHP_EOL; // Priler
echo $other_db->getLabel() . PHP_EOL; // Priler
如您所见,这种实现更加灵活。
instance
函数中的 $instance
应该是 null
而不是 false
__wakeup()
和 __sleep()
必须是公开的。您当然可以在这些方法中抛出异常。
您可能应该添加一个私有 __clone() 方法来禁止克隆实例。
private function __clone() {}
如果您不包含此方法,则可能会出现以下情况
$inst1=UserFactory::Instance(); // to stick with the example provided above
$inst2=clone $inst1;
现在 $inst1
!== $inst2
- 它们不再是同一个实例。
<?php
/**
* Singleton patter in php
**/
trait SingletonTrait {
protected static $inst = null;
/**
* call this method to get instance
**/
public static function getInstance(){
if (static::$inst === null){
static::$inst = new static();
}
return static::$inst;
}
/**
* protected to prevent clonning
**/
protected function __clone(){
}
/**
* protected so no one else can instance it
**/
protected function __construct(){
}
}
使用:
/**
* example of class definitions using SingletonTrait
*/
class DBFactory {
/**
* we are adding the trait here
**/
use SingletonTrait;
/**
* This class will have a single db connection as an example
**/
protected $db;
/**
* as an example we will create a PDO connection
**/
protected function __construct(){
$this->db =
new PDO('mysql:dbname=foodb;port=3305;host=127.0.0.1','foouser','foopass');
}
}
class DBFactoryChild extends DBFactory {
/**
* we repeating the inst so that it will differentiate it
* from UserFactory singleton
**/
protected static $inst = null;
}
/**
* example of instanciating the classes
*/
$uf0 = DBFactoryChild::getInstance();
var_dump($uf0);
$uf1 = DBFactory::getInstance();
var_dump($uf1);
echo $uf0 === $uf1;
回复:
object(DBFactoryChild)#1 (0) {
}
object(DBFactory)#2 (0) {
}
如果您使用的是 PHP 5.4: trait 它是一个选项,因此您不必为了拥有单例模式而浪费继承层次结构
并且还要注意,无论您是使用特征还是扩展单例类,如果您不添加以下代码行,一个松散的结局是创建子类的单例:
protected static $inst = null;
在儿童班
意外的结果将是:
object(DBFactoryChild)#1 (0) {
}
object(DBFactoryChild)#1 (0) {
}
protected static $_instance;
public static function getInstance()
{
if(is_null(self::$_instance))
{
self::$_instance = new self();
}
return self::$_instance;
}
此代码可以申请任何类,而无需关心其类名。
支持每个类 1 行的多个对象:
此方法将在您希望的任何类上强制使用单例,您所要做的就是向您希望创建单例的类添加 1 个方法,这将为您完成。
这还将对象存储在“SingleTonBase”类中,因此您可以通过递归 SingleTonBase
对象来调试您在系统中使用的所有对象。
创建一个名为 SingletonBase.php 的文件并将其包含在脚本的根目录中!
代码是
abstract class SingletonBase
{
private static $storage = array();
public static function Singleton($class)
{
if(in_array($class,self::$storage))
{
return self::$storage[$class];
}
return self::$storage[$class] = new $class();
}
public static function storage()
{
return self::$storage;
}
}
然后,对于任何想要制作单例的类,只需添加这个小的单一方法。
public static function Singleton()
{
return SingletonBase::Singleton(get_class());
}
这是一个小例子:
include 'libraries/SingletonBase.resource.php';
class Database
{
//Add that singleton function.
public static function Singleton()
{
return SingletonBase::Singleton(get_class());
}
public function run()
{
echo 'running...';
}
}
$Database = Database::Singleton();
$Database->run();
你可以在你拥有的任何类中添加这个单例函数,它只会为每个类创建 1 个实例。
注意:您应该始终将 __construct 设为私有以消除使用 new Class();实例化。
class Database{
//variable to hold db connection
private $db;
//note we used static variable,beacuse an instance cannot be used to refer this
public static $instance;
//note constructor is private so that classcannot be instantiated
private function __construct(){
//code connect to database
}
//to prevent loop hole in PHP so that the class cannot be cloned
private function __clone() {}
//used static function so that, this can be called from other classes
public static function getInstance(){
if( !(self::$instance instanceof self) ){
self::$instance = new self();
}
return self::$instance;
}
public function query($sql){
//code to run the query
}
}
Access the method getInstance using
$db = Singleton::getInstance();
$db->query();
你真的不需要使用单例模式,因为它被认为是一种反模式。基本上有很多理由根本不实施这种模式。从以下内容开始阅读:Best practice on PHP singleton classes。
如果你仍然认为你需要使用单例模式,那么我们可以编写一个类,通过扩展我们的 SingletonClassVendor 抽象类来获得单例功能。
这就是我用来解决这个问题的方法。
<?php
namespace wl;
/**
* @author DevWL
* @dosc allows only one instance for each extending class.
* it acts a litle bit as registry from the SingletonClassVendor abstract class point of view
* but it provides a valid singleton behaviour for its children classes
* Be aware, the singleton pattern is consider to be an anti-pattern
* mostly because it can be hard to debug and it comes with some limitations.
* In most cases you do not need to use singleton pattern
* so take a longer moment to think about it before you use it.
*/
abstract class SingletonClassVendor
{
/**
* holds an single instance of the child class
*
* @var array of objects
*/
protected static $instance = [];
/**
* @desc provides a single slot to hold an instance interchanble between all child classes.
* @return object
*/
public static final function getInstance(){
$class = get_called_class(); // or get_class(new static());
if(!isset(self::$instance[$class]) || !self::$instance[$class] instanceof $class){
self::$instance[$class] = new static(); // create and instance of child class which extends Singleton super class
echo "new ". $class . PHP_EOL; // remove this line after testing
return self::$instance[$class]; // remove this line after testing
}
echo "old ". $class . PHP_EOL; // remove this line after testing
return static::$instance[$class];
}
/**
* Make constructor abstract to force protected implementation of the __constructor() method, so that nobody can call directly "new Class()".
*/
abstract protected function __construct();
/**
* Make clone magic method private, so nobody can clone instance.
*/
private function __clone() {}
/**
* Make sleep magic method private, so nobody can serialize instance.
*/
private function __sleep() {}
/**
* Make wakeup magic method private, so nobody can unserialize instance.
*/
private function __wakeup() {}
}
使用示例:
/**
* EXAMPLE
*/
/**
* @example 1 - Database class by extending SingletonClassVendor abstract class becomes fully functional singleton
* __constructor must be set to protected becaouse:
* 1 to allow instansiation from parent class
* 2 to prevent direct instanciation of object with "new" keword.
* 3 to meet requierments of SingletonClassVendor abstract class
*/
class Database extends SingletonClassVendor
{
public $type = "SomeClass";
protected function __construct(){
echo "DDDDDDDDD". PHP_EOL; // remove this line after testing
}
}
/**
* @example 2 - Config ...
*/
class Config extends SingletonClassVendor
{
public $name = "Config";
protected function __construct(){
echo "CCCCCCCCCC" . PHP_EOL; // remove this line after testing
}
}
只是为了证明它按预期工作:
/**
* TESTING
*/
$bd1 = Database::getInstance(); // new
$bd2 = Database::getInstance(); // old
$bd3 = Config::getInstance(); // new
$bd4 = Config::getInstance(); // old
$bd5 = Config::getInstance(); // old
$bd6 = Database::getInstance(); // old
$bd7 = Database::getInstance(); // old
$bd8 = Config::getInstance(); // old
echo PHP_EOL."COMPARE ALL DATABASE INSTANCES".PHP_EOL;
var_dump($bd1);
echo '$bd1 === $bd2' . ($bd1 === $bd2)? ' TRUE' . PHP_EOL: ' FALSE' . PHP_EOL; // TRUE
echo '$bd2 === $bd6' . ($bd2 === $bd6)? ' TRUE' . PHP_EOL: ' FALSE' . PHP_EOL; // TRUE
echo '$bd6 === $bd7' . ($bd6 === $bd7)? ' TRUE' . PHP_EOL: ' FALSE' . PHP_EOL; // TRUE
echo PHP_EOL;
echo PHP_EOL."COMPARE ALL CONFIG INSTANCES". PHP_EOL;
var_dump($bd3);
echo '$bd3 === $bd4' . ($bd3 === $bd4)? ' TRUE' . PHP_EOL: ' FALSE' . PHP_EOL; // TRUE
echo '$bd4 === $bd5' . ($bd4 === $bd5)? ' TRUE' . PHP_EOL: ' FALSE' . PHP_EOL; // TRUE
echo '$bd5 === $bd8' . ($bd5 === $bd8)? ' TRUE' . PHP_EOL: ' FALSE' . PHP_EOL; // TRUE
对我来说,所有这些复杂性(“后期静态绑定”……harumph)只是 PHP 损坏的对象/类模型的标志。如果类对象是一等对象(参见 Python),那么“$_instance”将是类实例变量——类对象的成员,而不是其实例的成员/属性,也与共享对象相反由其后代。在 Smalltalk 世界中,这是“类变量”和“类实例变量”之间的区别。
在 PHP 中,在我看来,我们似乎需要牢记模式是编写代码的指南——我们可能会考虑单例模板,但尝试编写继承自实际“单例”类的代码看起来对 PHP 来说是错误的(尽管我认为一些有进取心的人可以创建一个合适的 SVN 关键字)。
我将继续使用共享模板分别对每个单例进行编码。
请注意,我绝对不会参与单身人士邪恶的讨论,生命太短暂了。
我知道这可能会导致不必要的火焰战争,但我可以看到您可能需要多个数据库连接,所以我承认单例可能不是最好的解决方案......但是,有我发现单例模式的其他用途非常有用。
这是一个例子:我决定推出自己的 MVC 和模板引擎,因为我想要一些真正轻量级的东西。但是,我要显示的数据包含许多特殊的数学字符,例如 ≥ 和 μ 以及你有什么......数据在我的数据库中存储为实际的 UTF-8 字符,而不是预 HTML 编码,因为除了 HTML,我的应用程序还可以提供其他格式,例如 PDF 和 CSV。格式化 HTML 的适当位置是在负责呈现该页面部分(片段)的模板(“视图”,如果你愿意的话)内。我想将它们转换为适当的 HTML 实体,但 PHP 的 get_html_translation_table() 函数不是很快。一次检索数据并将其存储为数组更有意义,以供所有人使用。这是我拼凑在一起测试速度的样本。据推测,无论您使用的其他方法(在获取实例之后)是否是静态的,这都会起作用。
class EncodeHTMLEntities {
private static $instance = null;//stores the instance of self
private $r = null;//array of chars elligalbe for replacement
private function __clone(){
}//disable cloning, no reason to clone
private function __construct()
{
$allEntities = get_html_translation_table(HTML_ENTITIES, ENT_NOQUOTES);
$specialEntities = get_html_translation_table(HTML_SPECIALCHARS, ENT_NOQUOTES);
$this->r = array_diff($allEntities, $specialEntities);
}
public static function replace($string)
{
if(!(self::$instance instanceof self) ){
self::$instance = new self();
}
return strtr($string, self::$instance->r);
}
}
//test one million encodings of a string
$start = microtime(true);
for($x=0; $x<1000000; $x++){
$dump = EncodeHTMLEntities::replace("Reference method for diagnosis of CDAD, but clinical usefulness limited due to extended turnaround time (≥96 hrs)");
}
$end = microtime(true);
echo "Run time: ".($end-$start)." seconds using singleton\n";
//now repeat the same without using singleton
$start = microtime(true);
for($x=0; $x<1000000; $x++){
$allEntities = get_html_translation_table(HTML_ENTITIES, ENT_NOQUOTES);
$specialEntities = get_html_translation_table(HTML_SPECIALCHARS, ENT_NOQUOTES);
$r = array_diff($allEntities, $specialEntities);
$dump = strtr("Reference method for diagnosis of CDAD, but clinical usefulness limited due to extended turnaround time (≥96 hrs)", $r);
}
$end = microtime(true);
echo "Run time: ".($end-$start)." seconds without using singleton";
基本上,我看到了这样的典型结果:
php test.php Run time: 27.842966794968 seconds using singleton Run time: 237.78191494942 seconds without using singleton
因此,虽然我当然不是专家,但我没有看到一种更方便可靠的方法来减少对某种数据的缓慢调用的开销,同时使其超级简单(单行代码即可完成您需要的操作)。当然,我的示例只有一个有用的方法,因此并不比全局定义的函数好,但是一旦您有两个方法,您就会想将它们组合在一起,对吗?我离基地很远吗?
另外,我更喜欢实际做某事的示例,因为有时当示例包含诸如“//在此处做一些有用的事情”之类的语句时很难想象,我在搜索教程时一直看到这些语句。
无论如何,我喜欢任何关于为什么使用单例来处理这类事情是有害的(或过于复杂)的反馈或评论。
本文涵盖了相当广泛的主题:http://www.phptherightway.com/pages/Design-Patterns.html#singleton
请注意以下几点:构造函数 __construct() 被声明为受保护,以防止通过 new 运算符在类之外创建新实例。魔术方法 __clone() 被声明为私有,以防止通过克隆运算符克隆类的实例。魔术方法 __wakeup() 被声明为私有,以防止通过全局函数 unserialize() 对类的实例进行反序列化。一个新实例是通过静态创建方法 getInstance() 中的后期静态绑定使用关键字 static 创建的。这允许在示例中对类 Singleton 进行子类化。
我已经写了很久了,想在这里分享
class SingletonDesignPattern {
//just for demo there will be only one instance
private static $instanceCount =0;
//create the private instance variable
private static $myInstance=null;
//make constructor private so no one create object using new Keyword
private function __construct(){}
//no one clone the object
private function __clone(){}
//avoid serialazation
public function __wakeup(){}
//ony one way to create object
public static function getInstance(){
if(self::$myInstance==null){
self::$myInstance=new SingletonDesignPattern();
self::$instanceCount++;
}
return self::$myInstance;
}
public static function getInstanceCount(){
return self::$instanceCount;
}
}
//now lets play with singleton design pattern
$instance = SingletonDesignPattern::getInstance();
$instance = SingletonDesignPattern::getInstance();
$instance = SingletonDesignPattern::getInstance();
$instance = SingletonDesignPattern::getInstance();
echo "number of instances: ".SingletonDesignPattern::getInstanceCount();
我同意第一个答案,但我也会将该类声明为 final,以便它不能被扩展,因为扩展单例违反了单例模式。此外,实例变量应该是私有的,因此不能直接访问。还要将 __clone 方法设为私有,这样您就无法克隆单例对象。
下面是一些示例代码。
/**
* Singleton class
*
*/
final class UserFactory
{
private static $_instance = null;
/**
* Private constructor
*
*/
private function __construct() {}
/**
* Private clone method
*
*/
private function __clone() {}
/**
* Call this method to get singleton
*
* @return UserFactory
*/
public static function getInstance()
{
if (self::$_instance === null) {
self::$_instance = new UserFactory();
}
return self::$_instance;
}
}
示例用法
$user_factory = UserFactory::getInstance();
这会阻止你做什么(这会违反单例模式..
你不能做这个!
$user_factory = UserFactory::$_instance;
class SecondUserFactory extends UserFactory { }
这应该是Singleton的正确方式。
class Singleton {
private static $instance;
private $count = 0;
protected function __construct(){
}
public static function singleton(){
if (!isset(self::$instance)) {
self::$instance = new Singleton;
}
return self::$instance;
}
public function increment()
{
return $this->count++;
}
protected function __clone(){
}
protected function __wakeup(){
}
}
我喜欢使用特征的@jose-segura 方法,但不喜欢在子类上定义静态变量的需要。下面是一个解决方案,它通过将静态局部变量中的实例缓存到由类名索引的工厂方法来避免它:
<?php
trait Singleton {
# Single point of entry for creating a new instance. For a given
# class always returns the same instance.
public static function instance(){
static $instances = array();
$class = get_called_class();
if( !isset($instances[$class]) ) $instances[$class] = new $class();
return $instances[$class];
}
# Kill traditional methods of creating new instances
protected function __clone() {}
protected function __construct() {}
}
用法与@jose-segura 相同,只是不需要子类中的静态变量。
检查是否存在任何现有数据库实例的数据库类,它将返回先前的实例。
class Database {
public static $instance;
public static function getInstance(){
if(!isset(Database::$instance) ) {
Database::$instance = new Database();
}
return Database::$instance;
}
private function __cunstruct() {
/* private and cant create multiple objects */
}
public function getQuery(){
return "Test Query Data";
}
}
$dbObj = Database::getInstance();
$dbObj2 = Database::getInstance();
var_dump($dbObj);
var_dump($dbObj2);
/*
After execution you will get following output:
object(Database)[1]
object(Database)[1]
*/
参考http://www.phptechi.com/php-singleton-design-patterns-example.html
这是在数据库类上创建单例的示例
设计模式 1) 单例
class Database{
public static $instance;
public static function getInstance(){
if(!isset(Database::$instance)){
Database::$instance=new Database();
return Database::$instance;
}
}
$db=Database::getInstance();
$db2=Database::getInstance();
$db3=Database::getInstance();
var_dump($db);
var_dump($db2);
var_dump($db3);
然后输出是-
object(Database)[1]
object(Database)[1]
object(Database)[1]
仅使用单个实例而不创建 3 个实例
快速示例:
final class Singleton
{
private static $instance = null;
private function __construct(){}
private function __clone(){}
private function __wakeup(){}
public static function get_instance()
{
if ( static::$instance === null ) {
static::$instance = new static();
}
return static::$instance;
}
}
希望有所帮助。
上面的答案是好的,但我会添加更多。
无论谁在 2021 年来到这里,我将展示另一个使用 Singleton
模式类作为 trait
并在任何类中重用它的示例。
<?php
namespace Akash;
trait Singleton
{
/**
* Singleton Instance
*
* @var Singleton
*/
private static $instance;
/**
* Private Constructor
*
* We can't use the constructor to create an instance of the class
*
* @return void
*/
private function __construct()
{
// Don't do anything, we don't want to be initialized
}
/**
* Get the singleton instance
*
* @return Singleton
*/
public static function getInstance()
{
if (!isset(self::$instance)) {
self::$instance = new self();
}
return self::$instance;
}
/**
* Private clone method to prevent cloning of the instance of the
* Singleton instance.
*
* @return void
*/
private function __clone()
{
// Don't do anything, we don't want to be cloned
}
/**
* Private unserialize method to prevent unserializing of the Singleton
* instance.
*
* @return void
*/
private function __wakeup()
{
// Don't do anything, we don't want to be unserialized
}
}
因此,可以像在任何课程中一样轻松使用它。假设,我们想在 UserSeeder
类中实现单例模式。
<?php
class UserSeeder
{
use Singleton;
/**
* Seed Users
*
* @return void
*/
public function seed()
{
echo 'Seeding...';
}
}
这是我的示例,它提供了调用 $var = new Singleton() 并创建 3 个变量来测试它是否创建新对象的能力:
class Singleton{
private static $data;
function __construct(){
if ($this::$data == null){
$this->makeSingleton();
}
echo "<br/>".$this::$data;
}
private function makeSingleton(){
$this::$data = rand(0, 100);
}
public function change($new_val){
$this::$data = $new_val;
}
public function printme(){
echo "<br/>".$this::$data;
}
}
$a = new Singleton();
$b = new Singleton();
$c = new Singleton();
$a->change(-2);
$a->printme();
$b->printme();
$d = new Singleton();
$d->printme();