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如何在 Swift 4 的可解码协议中使用自定义键?

Swift 4 通过 Decodable 协议引入了对原生 JSON 编码和解码的支持。我如何为此使用自定义键?

例如,假设我有一个结构

struct Address:Codable {
    var street:String
    var zip:String
    var city:String
    var state:String
}

我可以将其编码为 JSON。

let address = Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zip: "94608", city: "Emeryville", state: "California")

if let encoded = try? encoder.encode(address) {
    if let json = String(data: encoded, encoding: .utf8) {
        // Print JSON String
        print(json)

        // JSON string is 
           { "state":"California", 
             "street":"Apple Bay Street", 
             "zip":"94608", 
             "city":"Emeryville" 
           }
    }
}

我可以将它编码回一个对象。

    let newAddress: Address = try decoder.decode(Address.self, from: encoded)

但是如果我有一个 json 对象

{ 
   "state":"California", 
   "street":"Apple Bay Street", 
   "zip_code":"94608", 
   "city":"Emeryville" 
}

我如何告诉 Address 上的解码器 zip_code 映射到 zip?我相信您使用新的 CodingKey 协议,但我不知道如何使用它。


H
Hamish

手动自定义编码键

在您的示例中,您将自动生成符合 Codable,因为您的所有属性也符合 Codable。这种一致性会自动创建一个与属性名称相对应的键类型——然后使用它来对单个键容器进行编码/解码。

然而,这种自动生成的一致性的一个真正巧妙的特性是,如果您在名为“CodingKeys”的类型中定义一个嵌套 enum(或使用具有此名称的 typealias),它符合到 CodingKey 协议 - Swift 将自动使用 this 作为键类型。因此,这允许您轻松自定义您的属性编码/解码的密钥。

所以这意味着你可以说:

struct Address : Codable {

    var street: String
    var zip: String
    var city: String
    var state: String

    private enum CodingKeys : String, CodingKey {
        case street, zip = "zip_code", city, state
    }
}

枚举案例名称需要与属性名称匹配,并且这些案例的原始值需要与您编码/解码的键相匹配(除非另有说明,否则 String 枚举的原始值将与案例名称)。因此,现在将使用密钥 "zip_code"zip 属性进行编码/解码。

the evolution proposal 详细说明了自动生成的 Encodable/Decodable 一致性的确切规则(强调我的):

除了枚举的自动 CodingKey 需求合成之外,还可以为某些类型自动合成 Encodable 和 Decodable 需求:符合 Encodable 且其属性都是 Encodable 的类型会自动生成一个基于字符串的 CodingKey 枚举映射属性到案例名称。类似地,对于其属性都是属于 (1) 的可解码类型的可解码类型 - 以及手动提供 CodingKey 枚举(直接或通过类型别名命名的 CodingKeys)的类型,其情况按名称将 1 对 1 映射到 Encodable/Decodable 属性— 根据需要自动合成 init(from:) 和 encode(to:),使用那些属性和键 既不属于 (1) 也不属于 (2) 的类型必须在需要时提供自定义键类型并提供自己init(from:) 和 encode(to:),视情况而定

示例编码:

import Foundation

let address = Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zip: "94608",
                      city: "Emeryville", state: "California")

do {
    let encoded = try JSONEncoder().encode(address)
    print(String(decoding: encoded, as: UTF8.self))
} catch {
    print(error)
}
//{"state":"California","street":"Apple Bay Street","zip_code":"94608","city":"Emeryville"}

示例解码:

// using the """ multi-line string literal here, as introduced in SE-0168,
// to avoid escaping the quotation marks
let jsonString = """
{"state":"California","street":"Apple Bay Street","zip_code":"94608","city":"Emeryville"}
"""

do {
    let decoded = try JSONDecoder().decode(Address.self, from: Data(jsonString.utf8))
    print(decoded)
} catch {
    print(error)
}

// Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zip: "94608",
// city: "Emeryville", state: "California")

camelCase 属性名称的自动 snake_case JSON 键

在 Swift 4.1 中,如果您将 zip 属性重命名为 zipCode,您可以利用 JSONEncoderJSONDecoder 上的键编码/解码策略来自动在 camelCase 和 {6 之间转换编码键}。

示例编码:

import Foundation

struct Address : Codable {
  var street: String
  var zipCode: String
  var city: String
  var state: String
}

let address = Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zipCode: "94608",
                      city: "Emeryville", state: "California")

do {
  let encoder = JSONEncoder()
  encoder.keyEncodingStrategy = .convertToSnakeCase
  let encoded = try encoder.encode(address)
  print(String(decoding: encoded, as: UTF8.self))
} catch {
  print(error)
}
//{"state":"California","street":"Apple Bay Street","zip_code":"94608","city":"Emeryville"}

示例解码:

let jsonString = """
{"state":"California","street":"Apple Bay Street","zip_code":"94608","city":"Emeryville"}
"""

do {
  let decoder = JSONDecoder()
  decoder.keyDecodingStrategy = .convertFromSnakeCase
  let decoded = try decoder.decode(Address.self, from: Data(jsonString.utf8))
  print(decoded)
} catch {
  print(error)
}

// Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zipCode: "94608",
// city: "Emeryville", state: "California")

然而,关于此策略需要注意的一件重要事情是,它无法使用首字母缩略词或首字母缩写来往返某些属性名称,根据 Swift API design guidelines,它们应该是统一的大写或小写(取决于位置) .

例如,名为 someURL 的属性将使用密钥 some_url 进行编码,但在解码时,它将转换为 someUrl

要解决此问题,您必须手动将该属性的编码键指定为解码器期望的字符串,例如在这种情况下为 someUrl(编码器仍将其转换为 some_url):

struct S : Codable {

  private enum CodingKeys : String, CodingKey {
    case someURL = "someUrl", someOtherProperty
  }

  var someURL: String
  var someOtherProperty: String
}

(这并没有严格回答您的具体问题,但鉴于此问答的规范性质,我觉得值得包括在内)

自定义自动 JSON 键映射

在 Swift 4.1 中,您可以利用 JSONEncoderJSONDecoder 上的自定义键编码/解码策略,允许您提供自定义函数来映射编码键。

您提供的函数采用 [CodingKey],它表示编码/解码中当前点的编码路径(在大多数情况下,您只需要考虑最后一个元素;即当前键)。该函数返回一个 CodingKey,它将替换此数组中的最后一个键。

例如,lowerCamelCase 属性名称的 UpperCamelCase JSON 键:

import Foundation

// wrapper to allow us to substitute our mapped string keys.
struct AnyCodingKey : CodingKey {

  var stringValue: String
  var intValue: Int?

  init(_ base: CodingKey) {
    self.init(stringValue: base.stringValue, intValue: base.intValue)
  }

  init(stringValue: String) {
    self.stringValue = stringValue
  }

  init(intValue: Int) {
    self.stringValue = "\(intValue)"
    self.intValue = intValue
  }

  init(stringValue: String, intValue: Int?) {
    self.stringValue = stringValue
    self.intValue = intValue
  }
}

extension JSONEncoder.KeyEncodingStrategy {

  static var convertToUpperCamelCase: JSONEncoder.KeyEncodingStrategy {
    return .custom { codingKeys in

      var key = AnyCodingKey(codingKeys.last!)

      // uppercase first letter
      if let firstChar = key.stringValue.first {
        let i = key.stringValue.startIndex
        key.stringValue.replaceSubrange(
          i ... i, with: String(firstChar).uppercased()
        )
      }
      return key
    }
  }
}

extension JSONDecoder.KeyDecodingStrategy {

  static var convertFromUpperCamelCase: JSONDecoder.KeyDecodingStrategy {
    return .custom { codingKeys in

      var key = AnyCodingKey(codingKeys.last!)

      // lowercase first letter
      if let firstChar = key.stringValue.first {
        let i = key.stringValue.startIndex
        key.stringValue.replaceSubrange(
          i ... i, with: String(firstChar).lowercased()
        )
      }
      return key
    }
  }
}

您现在可以使用 .convertToUpperCamelCase 键策略进行编码:

let address = Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zipCode: "94608",
                      city: "Emeryville", state: "California")

do {
  let encoder = JSONEncoder()
  encoder.keyEncodingStrategy = .convertToUpperCamelCase
  let encoded = try encoder.encode(address)
  print(String(decoding: encoded, as: UTF8.self))
} catch {
  print(error)
}
//{"Street":"Apple Bay Street","City":"Emeryville","State":"California","ZipCode":"94608"}

并使用 .convertFromUpperCamelCase 关键策略进行解码:

let jsonString = """
{"Street":"Apple Bay Street","City":"Emeryville","State":"California","ZipCode":"94608"}
"""

do {
  let decoder = JSONDecoder()
  decoder.keyDecodingStrategy = .convertFromUpperCamelCase
  let decoded = try decoder.decode(Address.self, from: Data(jsonString.utf8))
  print(decoded)
} catch {
  print(error)
}

// Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zipCode: "94608",
// city: "Emeryville", state: "California")

""" 用于 multi-line 文字:)
@MartinR 或者甚至只是一行文字而不必转义 "s :D
@chrismanderson 完全正确——特别是考虑到编译器强制案例名称与属性名称保持同步(否则它会给你一个错误,说你不符合 Codable
@ClayEllis 啊,是的,当然,例如直接在 Address 的初始化程序中使用嵌套容器会不必要地将自己与解码从父对象图中特定位置开始的 JSON 对象联系起来。将起始键路径抽象到解码器本身会更好——这里是 a rough hackey-ish implementation
@c1pherB1t 不用担心! codingKeys.last 为您提供当前编码键,数组中的所有先前元素都是给定编码路径的父编码键。例如解码{"foo": {"bar": "baz"}}时,当密钥解码策略应用于"bar"时,codingKeys将是["foo", "bar"]
I
Imanou Petit

使用 Swift 4.2,根据您的需要,您可以使用以下 3 种策略之一,以使您的模型对象自定义属性名称与您的 JSON 键匹配。

#1。使用自定义编码键

当您使用以下实现声明符合 CodableDecodableEncodable 协议)的结构时...

struct Address: Codable {
    var street: String
    var zip: String
    var city: String
    var state: String        
}

...编译器会自动为您生成符合 CodingKey 协议的嵌套枚举。

struct Address: Codable {
    var street: String
    var zip: String
    var city: String
    var state: String

    // compiler generated
    private enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case street
        case zip
        case city
        case state
    }
}

因此,如果您的序列化数据格式中使用的键与您的数据类型中的属性名称不匹配,您可以手动实现此枚举并为所需的情况设置适当的 rawValue

下面的例子展示了如何做:

import Foundation

struct Address: Codable {
    var street: String
    var zip: String
    var city: String
    var state: String

    private enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case street
        case zip = "zip_code"
        case city
        case state
    }
}

编码(用“zip_code”JSON 键替换 zip 属性):

let address = Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zip: "94608", city: "Emeryville", state: "California")

let encoder = JSONEncoder()
if let jsonData = try? encoder.encode(address), let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8) {
    print(jsonString)
}

/*
 prints:
 {"state":"California","street":"Apple Bay Street","zip_code":"94608","city":"Emeryville"}
 */

解码(用 zip 属性替换“zip_code”JSON 键):

let jsonString = """
{"state":"California","street":"Apple Bay Street","zip_code":"94608","city":"Emeryville"}
"""

let decoder = JSONDecoder()
if let jsonData = jsonString.data(using: .utf8), let address = try? decoder.decode(Address.self, from: jsonData) {
    print(address)
}

/*
 prints:
 Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zip: "94608", city: "Emeryville", state: "California")
 */

#2。使用蛇案例到骆驼案例的关键编码策略

如果您的 JSON 具有蛇形密钥,并且您想将它们转换为模型对象的驼峰形属性,则可以将 JSONEncoderkeyEncodingStrategyJSONDecoderkeyDecodingStrategy 属性设置为 .convertToSnakeCase .

下面的例子展示了如何做:

import Foundation

struct Address: Codable {
    var street: String
    var zipCode: String
    var cityName: String
    var state: String
}

编码(将驼峰式属性转换为蛇形 JSON 键):

let address = Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zipCode: "94608", cityName: "Emeryville", state: "California")

let encoder = JSONEncoder()
encoder.keyEncodingStrategy = .convertToSnakeCase
if let jsonData = try? encoder.encode(address), let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8) {
    print(jsonString)
}

/*
 prints:
 {"state":"California","street":"Apple Bay Street","zip_code":"94608","city_name":"Emeryville"}
 */

解码(将蛇形 JSON 键转换为驼峰形属性):

let jsonString = """
{"state":"California","street":"Apple Bay Street","zip_code":"94608","city_name":"Emeryville"}
"""

let decoder = JSONDecoder()
decoder.keyDecodingStrategy = .convertFromSnakeCase
if let jsonData = jsonString.data(using: .utf8), let address = try? decoder.decode(Address.self, from: jsonData) {
    print(address)
}

/*
 prints:
 Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zipCode: "94608", cityName: "Emeryville", state: "California")
 */

#3。使用自定义键编码策略

如有必要,JSONEncoderJSONDecoder 允许您设置自定义策略以使用 JSONEncoder.KeyEncodingStrategy.custom(_:)JSONDecoder.KeyDecodingStrategy.custom(_:) 映射编码键。

以下示例显示了如何实现它们:

import Foundation

struct Address: Codable {
    var street: String
    var zip: String
    var city: String
    var state: String
}

struct AnyKey: CodingKey {
    var stringValue: String
    var intValue: Int?

    init?(stringValue: String) {
        self.stringValue = stringValue
    }

    init?(intValue: Int) {
        self.stringValue = String(intValue)
        self.intValue = intValue
    }
}

编码(将小写首字母属性转换为大写首字母 JSON 键):

let address = Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zip: "94608", city: "Emeryville", state: "California")

let encoder = JSONEncoder()
encoder.keyEncodingStrategy = .custom({ (keys) -> CodingKey in
    let lastKey = keys.last!
    guard lastKey.intValue == nil else { return lastKey }
    let stringValue = lastKey.stringValue.prefix(1).uppercased() + lastKey.stringValue.dropFirst()
    return AnyKey(stringValue: stringValue)!
})

if let jsonData = try? encoder.encode(address), let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8) {
    print(jsonString)
}

/*
 prints:
 {"Zip":"94608","Street":"Apple Bay Street","City":"Emeryville","State":"California"}
 */

解码(将大写首字母 JSON 键转换为小写首字母属性):

let jsonString = """
{"State":"California","Street":"Apple Bay Street","Zip":"94608","City":"Emeryville"}
"""

let decoder = JSONDecoder()
decoder.keyDecodingStrategy = .custom({ (keys) -> CodingKey in
    let lastKey = keys.last!
    guard lastKey.intValue == nil else { return lastKey }
    let stringValue = lastKey.stringValue.prefix(1).lowercased() + lastKey.stringValue.dropFirst()
    return AnyKey(stringValue: stringValue)!
})

if let jsonData = jsonString.data(using: .utf8), let address = try? decoder.decode(Address.self, from: jsonData) {
    print(address)
}

/*
 prints:
 Address(street: "Apple Bay Street", zip: "94608", city: "Emeryville", state: "California")
 */

资料来源:

Apple 开发人员文档:“编码和解码自定义类型”

WWDC 2017 第 212 场会议:“Foundation 的新功能”

MartianCraft:“为编码类型实现自定义键策略”


U
Unheilig

我所做的是创建自己的结构,就像您从 JSON 中获得的数据类型一样。

像这样:

struct Track {
let id : Int
let contributingArtistNames:String
let name : String
let albumName :String
let copyrightP:String
let copyrightC:String
let playlistCount:Int
let trackPopularity:Int
let playlistFollowerCount:Int
let artistFollowerCount : Int
let label : String
}

在此之后,您需要创建相同 struct 的扩展,扩展 decodable 和具有 CodingKey 的相同结构的 enum,然后您需要使用此枚举及其键和数据类型初始化解码器(键将来自枚举,数据类型将来自或说从结构本身引用)

extension Track: Decodable {

    enum TrackCodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case id = "id"
        case contributingArtistNames = "primaryArtistsNames"
        case spotifyId = "spotifyId"
        case name = "name"
        case albumName = "albumName"
        case albumImageUrl = "albumImageUrl"
        case copyrightP = "copyrightP"
        case copyrightC = "copyrightC"
        case playlistCount = "playlistCount"
        case trackPopularity = "trackPopularity"
        case playlistFollowerCount = "playlistFollowerCount"
        case artistFollowerCount = "artistFollowers"
        case label = "label"
    }
    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let trackContainer = try decoder.container(keyedBy: TrackCodingKeys.self)
        if trackContainer.contains(.id){
            id = try trackContainer.decode(Int.self, forKey: .id)
        }else{
            id = 0
        }
        if trackContainer.contains(.contributingArtistNames){
            contributingArtistNames = try trackContainer.decode(String.self, forKey: .contributingArtistNames)
        }else{
            contributingArtistNames = ""
        }
        if trackContainer.contains(.spotifyId){
            spotifyId = try trackContainer.decode(String.self, forKey: .spotifyId)
        }else{
            spotifyId = ""
        }
        if trackContainer.contains(.name){
            name = try trackContainer.decode(String.self, forKey: .name)
        }else{
            name = ""
        }
        if trackContainer.contains(.albumName){
            albumName = try trackContainer.decode(String.self, forKey: .albumName)
        }else{
            albumName = ""
        }
        if trackContainer.contains(.albumImageUrl){
            albumImageUrl = try trackContainer.decode(String.self, forKey: .albumImageUrl)
        }else{
            albumImageUrl = ""
        }
        if trackContainer.contains(.copyrightP){
            copyrightP = try trackContainer.decode(String.self, forKey: .copyrightP)
        }else{
            copyrightP = ""
        }
        if trackContainer.contains(.copyrightC){
                copyrightC = try trackContainer.decode(String.self, forKey: .copyrightC)
        }else{
            copyrightC = ""
        }
        if trackContainer.contains(.playlistCount){
            playlistCount = try trackContainer.decode(Int.self, forKey: .playlistCount)
        }else{
            playlistCount = 0
        }

        if trackContainer.contains(.trackPopularity){
            trackPopularity = try trackContainer.decode(Int.self, forKey: .trackPopularity)
        }else{
            trackPopularity = 0
        }
        if trackContainer.contains(.playlistFollowerCount){
            playlistFollowerCount = try trackContainer.decode(Int.self, forKey: .playlistFollowerCount)
        }else{
            playlistFollowerCount = 0
        }

        if trackContainer.contains(.artistFollowerCount){
            artistFollowerCount = try trackContainer.decode(Int.self, forKey: .artistFollowerCount)
        }else{
            artistFollowerCount = 0
        }
        if trackContainer.contains(.label){
            label = try trackContainer.decode(String.self, forKey: .label)
        }else{
            label = ""
        }
    }
}

您需要根据需要在此处更改每个键和数据类型,并将其与解码器一起使用。


或者您可以使用 decodeIfPresent : label = trackContainer.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .label) ?? ""
R
Renjish C

通过使用 CodingKey,您可以在可编码或可解码协议中使用自定义键。

struct person: Codable {
    var name: String
    var age: Int
    var street: String
    var state: String

    private enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case name
        case age
        case street = "Street_name"
        case state
    } }