Encode/Decode Array of Types conforming to protocol with JSONEncoder

The reason why your first example doesn't compile (and your second crashes) is because protocols don't conform to themselves – Tag is not a type that conforms to Codable, therefore neither is [Tag]. Therefore Article doesn't get an auto-generated Codable conformance, as not all of its properties conform to Codable.

Encoding and decoding only the properties listed in the protocol

If you just want to encode and decode the properties listed in the protocol, one solution would be to simply use an AnyTag type-eraser that just holds those properties, and can then provide the Codable conformance.

You can then have Article hold an array of this type-erased wrapper, rather than of Tag:

struct AnyTag : Tag, Codable {

    let type: String
    let value: String

    init(_ base: Tag) {
        self.type = base.type
        self.value = base.value
    }
}

struct Article: Codable {
    let tags: [AnyTag]
    let title: String
}

let tags: [Tag] = [
    AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value"),
    GenreTag(value:"Genre Tag Value")
]

let article = Article(tags: tags.map(AnyTag.init), title: "Article Title")

let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
jsonEncoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted

let jsonData = try jsonEncoder.encode(article)

if let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8) {
    print(jsonString)
}

Which outputs the following JSON string:

{
  "title" : "Article Title",
  "tags" : [
    {
      "type" : "author",
      "value" : "Author Tag Value"
    },
    {
      "type" : "genre",
      "value" : "Genre Tag Value"
    }
  ]
}

and can be decoded like so:

let decoded = try JSONDecoder().decode(Article.self, from: jsonData)

print(decoded)

// Article(tags: [
//                 AnyTag(type: "author", value: "Author Tag Value"),
//                 AnyTag(type: "genre", value: "Genre Tag Value")
//               ], title: "Article Title")

Encoding and decoding all properties of the conforming type

If however you need to encode and decoded every property of the given Tag conforming type, you'll likely want to store the type information in the JSON somehow.

I would use an enum in order to do this:

enum TagType : String, Codable {

    // be careful not to rename these – the encoding/decoding relies on the string
    // values of the cases. If you want the decoding to be reliant on case
    // position rather than name, then you can change to enum TagType : Int.
    // (the advantage of the String rawValue is that the JSON is more readable)
    case author, genre

    var metatype: Tag.Type {
        switch self {
        case .author:
            return AuthorTag.self
        case .genre:
            return GenreTag.self
        }
    }
}

Which is better than just using plain strings to represent the types, as the compiler can check that we've provided a metatype for each case.

Then you just have to change the Tag protocol such that it requires conforming types to implement a static property that describes their type:

protocol Tag : Codable {
    static var type: TagType { get }
    var value: String { get }
}

struct AuthorTag : Tag {

    static var type = TagType.author
    let value: String

    var foo: Float
}

struct GenreTag : Tag {

    static var type = TagType.genre
    let value: String

    var baz: String
}

Then we need to adapt the implementation of the type-erased wrapper in order to encode and decode the TagType along with the base Tag:

struct AnyTag : Codable {

    var base: Tag

    init(_ base: Tag) {
        self.base = base
    }

    private enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
        case type, base
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        let type = try container.decode(TagType.self, forKey: .type)
        self.base = try type.metatype.init(from: container.superDecoder(forKey: .base))
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        try container.encode(type(of: base).type, forKey: .type)
        try base.encode(to: container.superEncoder(forKey: .base))
    }
}

We're using a super encoder/decoder in order to ensure that the property keys for the given conforming type don't conflict with the key used to encode the type. For example, the encoded JSON will look like this:

{
  "type" : "author",
  "base" : {
    "value" : "Author Tag Value",
    "foo" : 56.7
  }
}

If however you know there won't be a conflict, and want the properties to be encoded/decoded at the same level as the "type" key, such that the JSON looks like this:

{
  "type" : "author",
  "value" : "Author Tag Value",
  "foo" : 56.7
}

You can pass decoder instead of container.superDecoder(forKey: .base) & encoder instead of container.superEncoder(forKey: .base) in the above code.

As an optional step, we could then customise the Codable implementation of Article such that rather than relying on an auto-generated conformance with the tags property being of type [AnyTag], we can provide our own implementation that boxes up a [Tag] into an [AnyTag] before encoding, and then unbox for decoding:

struct Article {

    let tags: [Tag]
    let title: String

    init(tags: [Tag], title: String) {
        self.tags = tags
        self.title = title
    }
}

extension Article : Codable {

    private enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
        case tags, title
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {

        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        self.tags = try container.decode([AnyTag].self, forKey: .tags).map { $0.base }
        self.title = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .title)
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        try container.encode(tags.map(AnyTag.init), forKey: .tags)
        try container.encode(title, forKey: .title)
    }
}

This then allows us to have the tags property be of type [Tag], rather than [AnyTag].

Now we can encode and decode any Tag conforming type that's listed in our TagType enum:

let tags: [Tag] = [
    AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value", foo: 56.7),
    GenreTag(value:"Genre Tag Value", baz: "hello world")
]

let article = Article(tags: tags, title: "Article Title")

let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
jsonEncoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted

let jsonData = try jsonEncoder.encode(article)

if let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8) {
    print(jsonString)
}

Which outputs the JSON string:

{
  "title" : "Article Title",
  "tags" : [
    {
      "type" : "author",
      "base" : {
        "value" : "Author Tag Value",
        "foo" : 56.7
      }
    },
    {
      "type" : "genre",
      "base" : {
        "value" : "Genre Tag Value",
        "baz" : "hello world"
      }
    }
  ]
}

and can then be decoded like so:

let decoded = try JSONDecoder().decode(Article.self, from: jsonData)

print(decoded)

// Article(tags: [
//                 AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value", foo: 56.7000008),
//                 GenreTag(value: "Genre Tag Value", baz: "hello world")
//               ],
//         title: "Article Title")

---

Inspired by @Hamish answer. I found his approach reasonable, however few things might be improved:

Mapping array [Tag] to and from [AnyTag] in Article leave us without auto-generated Codable conformance It's not possible to have same code for coding/encoding array of base class, since static var type can't be overridden in subclass. (for example if Tag would be super class of AuthorTag & GenreTag) Most importantly this code can't be reused for another Type, you required to create new AnyAnotherType wrapper and it's internal coding/encoding.

I made slightly different solution, instead of wrapping each element of array, it's possible to make wrapper on entire array:

struct MetaArray<M: Meta>: Codable, ExpressibleByArrayLiteral {

    let array: [M.Element]

    init(_ array: [M.Element]) {
        self.array = array
    }

    init(arrayLiteral elements: M.Element...) {
        self.array = elements
    }

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case metatype
        case object
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        var container = try decoder.unkeyedContainer()

        var elements: [M.Element] = []
        while !container.isAtEnd {
            let nested = try container.nestedContainer(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
            let metatype = try nested.decode(M.self, forKey: .metatype)

            let superDecoder = try nested.superDecoder(forKey: .object)
            let object = try metatype.type.init(from: superDecoder)
            if let element = object as? M.Element {
                elements.append(element)
            }
        }
        array = elements
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.unkeyedContainer()
        try array.forEach { object in
            let metatype = M.metatype(for: object)
            var nested = container.nestedContainer(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
            try nested.encode(metatype, forKey: .metatype)
            let superEncoder = nested.superEncoder(forKey: .object)

            let encodable = object as? Encodable
            try encodable?.encode(to: superEncoder)
        }
    }
}

Where Meta is generic protocol:

protocol Meta: Codable {
    associatedtype Element

    static func metatype(for element: Element) -> Self
    var type: Decodable.Type { get }
}

Now, storing tags will look like:

enum TagMetatype: String, Meta {

    typealias Element = Tag

    case author
    case genre

    static func metatype(for element: Tag) -> TagMetatype {
        return element.metatype
    }

    var type: Decodable.Type {
        switch self {
        case .author: return AuthorTag.self
        case .genre: return GenreTag.self
        }
    }
}

struct AuthorTag: Tag {
    var metatype: TagMetatype { return .author } // keep computed to prevent auto-encoding
    let value: String
}

struct GenreTag: Tag {
    var metatype: TagMetatype { return .genre } // keep computed to prevent auto-encoding
    let value: String
}

struct Article: Codable {
    let title: String
    let tags: MetaArray<TagMetatype>
}

Result JSON:

let article = Article(title: "Article Title",
                      tags: [AuthorTag(value: "Author Tag Value"),
                             GenreTag(value:"Genre Tag Value")])

{
  "title" : "Article Title",
  "tags" : [
    {
      "metatype" : "author",
      "object" : {
        "value" : "Author Tag Value"
      }
    },
    {
      "metatype" : "genre",
      "object" : {
        "value" : "Genre Tag Value"
      }
    }
  ]
}

And in case you want JSON to look even prettier:

{
  "title" : "Article Title",
  "tags" : [
    {
      "author" : {
        "value" : "Author Tag Value"
      }
    },
    {
      "genre" : {
        "value" : "Genre Tag Value"
      }
    }
  ]
}

Add to Meta protocol

protocol Meta: Codable {
    associatedtype Element
    static func metatype(for element: Element) -> Self
    var type: Decodable.Type { get }

    init?(rawValue: String)
    var rawValue: String { get }
}

And replace CodingKeys with:

struct MetaArray<M: Meta>: Codable, ExpressibleByArrayLiteral {

    let array: [M.Element]

    init(array: [M.Element]) {
        self.array = array
    }

    init(arrayLiteral elements: M.Element...) {
        self.array = elements
    }

    struct ElementKey: CodingKey {
        var stringValue: String
        init?(stringValue: String) {
            self.stringValue = stringValue
        }

        var intValue: Int? { return nil }
        init?(intValue: Int) { return nil }
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        var container = try decoder.unkeyedContainer()

        var elements: [M.Element] = []
        while !container.isAtEnd {
            let nested = try container.nestedContainer(keyedBy: ElementKey.self)
            guard let key = nested.allKeys.first else { continue }
            let metatype = M(rawValue: key.stringValue)
            let superDecoder = try nested.superDecoder(forKey: key)
            let object = try metatype?.type.init(from: superDecoder)
            if let element = object as? M.Element {
                elements.append(element)
            }
        }
        array = elements
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.unkeyedContainer()
        try array.forEach { object in
            var nested = container.nestedContainer(keyedBy: ElementKey.self)
            let metatype = M.metatype(for: object)
            if let key = ElementKey(stringValue: metatype.rawValue) {
                let superEncoder = nested.superEncoder(forKey: key)
                let encodable = object as? Encodable
                try encodable?.encode(to: superEncoder)
            }
        }
    }
}

---

Drawn from the accepted answer, I ended up with the following code that can be pasted into an Xcode Playground. I used this base to add a codable protocol to my app.

The output looks like this, without the nesting mentioned in the accepted answer.

ORIGINAL:
▿ __lldb_expr_33.Parent
  - title: "Parent Struct"
  ▿ items: 2 elements
    ▿ __lldb_expr_33.NumberItem
      - commonProtocolString: "common string from protocol"
      - numberUniqueToThisStruct: 42
    ▿ __lldb_expr_33.StringItem
      - commonProtocolString: "protocol member string"
      - stringUniqueToThisStruct: "a random string"

ENCODED TO JSON:
{
  "title" : "Parent Struct",
  "items" : [
    {
      "type" : "numberItem",
      "numberUniqueToThisStruct" : 42,
      "commonProtocolString" : "common string from protocol"
    },
    {
      "type" : "stringItem",
      "stringUniqueToThisStruct" : "a random string",
      "commonProtocolString" : "protocol member string"
    }
  ]
}

DECODED FROM JSON:
▿ __lldb_expr_33.Parent
  - title: "Parent Struct"
  ▿ items: 2 elements
    ▿ __lldb_expr_33.NumberItem
      - commonProtocolString: "common string from protocol"
      - numberUniqueToThisStruct: 42
    ▿ __lldb_expr_33.StringItem
      - commonProtocolString: "protocol member string"
      - stringUniqueToThisStruct: "a random string"

Paste into your Xcode project or Playground and customize to your liking:

import Foundation

struct Parent: Codable {
    let title: String
    let items: [Item]

    init(title: String, items: [Item]) {
        self.title = title
        self.items = items
    }

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case title
        case items
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        try container.encode(title, forKey: .title)
        try container.encode(items.map({ AnyItem($0) }), forKey: .items)
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        title = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .title)
        items = try container.decode([AnyItem].self, forKey: .items).map { $0.item }
    }

}

protocol Item: Codable {
    static var type: ItemType { get }

    var commonProtocolString: String { get }
}

enum ItemType: String, Codable {

    case numberItem
    case stringItem

    var metatype: Item.Type {
        switch self {
        case .numberItem: return NumberItem.self
        case .stringItem: return StringItem.self
        }
    }
}

struct NumberItem: Item {
    static var type = ItemType.numberItem

    let commonProtocolString = "common string from protocol"
    let numberUniqueToThisStruct = 42
}

struct StringItem: Item {
    static var type = ItemType.stringItem

    let commonProtocolString = "protocol member string"
    let stringUniqueToThisStruct = "a random string"
}

struct AnyItem: Codable {

    var item: Item

    init(_ item: Item) {
        self.item = item
    }

    private enum CodingKeys : CodingKey {
        case type
        case item
    }

    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        try container.encode(type(of: item).type, forKey: .type)
        try item.encode(to: encoder)
    }

    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)

        let type = try container.decode(ItemType.self, forKey: .type)
        self.item = try type.metatype.init(from: decoder)
    }

}

func testCodableProtocol() {
    var items = [Item]()
    items.append(NumberItem())
    items.append(StringItem())
    let parent = Parent(title: "Parent Struct", items: items)

    print("ORIGINAL:")
    dump(parent)
    print("")

    let jsonEncoder = JSONEncoder()
    jsonEncoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted
    let jsonData = try! jsonEncoder.encode(parent)
    let jsonString = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8)!
    print("ENCODED TO JSON:")
    print(jsonString)
    print("")

    let jsonDecoder = JSONDecoder()
    let decoded = try! jsonDecoder.decode(type(of: parent), from: jsonData)
    print("DECODED FROM JSON:")
    dump(decoded)
    print("")
}
testCodableProtocol()

---

Why wouldn't you use enums for the type of the tag?

struct Tag: Codable {
  let type: TagType
  let value: String

  enum TagType: String, Codable {
    case author
    case genre
  }
}

Then you can encode like try? JSONEncoder().encode(tag) or decode like let tags = try? JSONDecoder().decode([Tag].self, from: jsonData) and do any sort of processing as filtering the tags by type. You can do the same for the Article struct as well:

struct Tag: Codable {
    let type: TagType
    let value: String

    enum TagType: String, Codable {
        case author
        case genre
    }
}

struct Article: Codable {
    let tags: [Tag]
    let title: String

    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
        case tags
        case title
    }
}

---