Why is the Borg pattern better than the Singleton pattern in Python

The real reason that borg is different comes down to subclassing.

If you subclass a borg, the subclass' objects have the same state as their parents classes objects, unless you explicitly override the shared state in that subclass. Each subclass of the singleton pattern has its own state and therefore will produce different objects.

Also in the singleton pattern the objects are actually the same, not just the state (even though the state is the only thing that really matters).

In python if you want a unique "object" that you can access from anywhere just create a class Unique that only contains static attributes, @staticmethods, and @classmethods; you could call it the Unique Pattern. Here I implement and compare the 3 patterns:

Unique

#Unique Pattern
class Unique:
#Define some static variables here
    x = 1
    @classmethod
    def init(cls):
        #Define any computation performed when assigning to a "new" object
        return cls

Singleton

#Singleton Pattern
class Singleton:

    __single = None 

    def __init__(self):
        if not Singleton.__single:
            #Your definitions here
            self.x = 1 
        else:
            raise RuntimeError('A Singleton already exists') 

    @classmethod
    def getInstance(cls):
        if not cls.__single:
            cls.__single = Singleton()
        return cls.__single

Borg

#Borg Pattern
class Borg:

    __monostate = None

    def __init__(self):
        if not Borg.__monostate:
            Borg.__monostate = self.__dict__
            #Your definitions here
            self.x = 1

        else:
            self.__dict__ = Borg.__monostate

Test

#SINGLETON
print "\nSINGLETON\n"
A = Singleton.getInstance()
B = Singleton.getInstance()

print "At first B.x = {} and A.x = {}".format(B.x,A.x)
A.x = 2
print "After A.x = 2"
print "Now both B.x = {} and A.x = {}\n".format(B.x,A.x)
print  "Are A and B the same object? Answer: {}".format(id(A)==id(B))


#BORG
print "\nBORG\n"
A = Borg()
B = Borg()

print "At first B.x = {} and A.x = {}".format(B.x,A.x)
A.x = 2
print "After A.x = 2"
print "Now both B.x = {} and A.x = {}\n".format(B.x,A.x)
print  "Are A and B the same object? Answer: {}".format(id(A)==id(B))


#UNIQUE
print "\nUNIQUE\n"
A = Unique.init()
B = Unique.init()

print "At first B.x = {} and A.x = {}".format(B.x,A.x)
A.x = 2
print "After A.x = 2"
print "Now both B.x = {} and A.x = {}\n".format(B.x,A.x)
print  "Are A and B the same object? Answer: {}".format(id(A)==id(B))

Output:

SINGLETON At first B.x = 1 and A.x = 1 After A.x = 2 Now both B.x = 2 and A.x = 2 Are A and B the same object? Answer: True BORG At first B.x = 1 and A.x = 1 After A.x = 2 Now both B.x = 2 and A.x = 2 Are A and B the same object? Answer: False UNIQUE At first B.x = 1 and A.x = 1 After A.x = 2 Now both B.x = 2 and A.x = 2 Are A and B the same object? Answer: True

In my opinion, Unique implementation is the easiest, then Borg and finally Singleton with an ugly number of two functions needed for its definition.

It is not. What is generally not recommended is a pattern like this in python:

class Singleton(object):

 _instance = None

 def __init__(self, ...):
  ...

 @classmethod
 def instance(cls):
  if cls._instance is None:
   cls._instance = cls(...)
  return cls._instance

where you use a class method to get the instance instead of the constructor. Python's metaprogramming allows much better methods, e.g. the one on Wikipedia:

class Singleton(type):
    def __init__(cls, name, bases, dict):
        super(Singleton, cls).__init__(name, bases, dict)
        cls.instance = None

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if cls.instance is None:
            cls.instance = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kw)

        return cls.instance

class MyClass(object):
    __metaclass__ = Singleton

print MyClass()
print MyClass()

A class basically describes how you can access (read/write) the internal state of your object.

In the singleton pattern you can only have a single class, i.e. all your objects will give you the same access points to the shared state. This means that if you have to provide an extended API, you will need to write a wrapper, wrapping around the singleton

In the borg pattern you are able to extend the base "borg" class, and thereby more conveniently extend the API for your taste.

It's only better in those few cases where you actually have a difference. Like when you subclass. The Borg pattern is extremely unusual, I've never needed it for real in ten years of Python programming.

Also, Borg-like pattern allows users of the class to choice if they want to share the state or create a separate instance. (whether or not this may be a good idea is a separate topic)

class MayBeBorg:
    __monostate = None

    def __init__(self, shared_state=True, ..):
        if shared_state:

            if not MayBeBorg.__monostate:
                MayBeBorg.__monostate = self.__dict__
            else:
                self.__dict__ = MayBeBorg.__monostate
                return
        self.wings = ..
        self.beak = ..